A good download speed is at least 100Mbps, and a good upload speed is at least 10 Mbps. With 100Mbps, you can stream movies, attend Zoom meetings, and play games online all on several devices at the same time. Some people can get away with fewer Mbps, and others need more. If 100Mbps doesn’t seem like a good fit for you, use the tool above to ... All you need is a download speed of 3Mbps and an upload speed of just 1Mbps. By today's standards, this is extremely low — the average US internet speed is now 19Mps — so any game should run ...Verizon Fios - Best overall internet provider for gaming. Prices: $50 - $120 per month. Speeds: 300 - 2,000Mbps. Key Info: Unlimited data, no contracts, free equipment with gig service. Check with ...An internet connection of 100Mbps is a good speed for streaming TV, movies, and more. That gives you plenty of bandwidth to stream in 1080p and even 4K in a household of two to four people. But you should consider getting an internet plan with faster speeds if you live in a larger household or spend a lot of time doing more intensive streaming ...Sep 11, 2023 · As mentioned, latency isn’t usually the focus of internet providers, so it can be difficult to troubleshoot latency issues when you have them. Fortunately, there are some steps you can take to make your internet connection better for playing online games: Connect via an Ethernet cable. Choose the nearest game server. Feb 8, 2023 · If you’re playing competitively, try to go for at least 50 Mbps or higher. 100 Mbps is the recommended internet speed indicated by some, but somewhere around 50 Mbps is already passable if you’re the only one using the internet in your area. Download speed: 3 Mbps. Upload speed: 0.5 Mbps. Ping rate: 150 ms or less. Pro tip: Gaming systems and services often give minimum internet speed recommendations for optimum performance. …Feb 2, 2022 · Learn why internet speed, upload speed, and latency matter for online gaming and how to find the best internet plan for your needs. Compare different types of internet, such as fiber, cable, and DSL, and their benefits and drawbacks. What is a good internet speed? As of this writing, per the Federal Communication Commission (FCC), a broadband internet connection has a minimum download speed of 25 Mbps and a minimum upload speed of 3 Mbps. This gives us a baseline for determining fast and slow internet speeds. The FCC’s 25/3 Mbps standard …Oct 11, 2022 ... Read the article here: https://impartpad.com/internet-speed-is-300mbps-good-for-gaming/ ...What is a good internet speed? As of this writing, per the Federal Communication Commission (FCC), a broadband internet connection has a minimum download speed of 25 Mbps and a minimum upload speed of 3 Mbps. This gives us a baseline for determining fast and slow internet speeds. The FCC’s 25/3 Mbps standard …Gaming works, but T-Mobile Home Internet suffers big time from buffer bloat, and gaming is affected. For example someone in the house will be playing a game such as Fortnite or Valorant and everything is working well until I do an internet speed test of one of my devices. The ping shoots up way high and causes stuttering in the game. What internet speed do I need for gaming? For casual gamers, a speed of 15-30 Mbps should be fine for a good experience. However, if you're into competitive online gaming like first-person shooters where real-time action is paramount, you'll need a connection of at least 50-100 Mbps. Dec 9, 2022 · Good internet speeds for gaming require a lot of things to go right: You need a solid router (if it has to be a wireless router, make sure to get the best), but that’s just the start. How far away you are from a server geographically speaking also affects your connection; other interfering factors - e.g., a firewall - also need to be taken ... The speed is not the factor you need to consider. As many have suggested anything above 2mbps should be sufficient. The main factor is the ping/latency. It should be as small as possible. 10ms will give you reasonable performance. Many wireless internet connections have higher pings so be careful of this. Rauzje.Your router may be on a busy 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi channel. If other people are using overlapping channels, bandwidth is eaten up and your connection slows down. Switch to channel 1, 6 or 11 to avoid overlap. Your router’s Request To Send (RTS) threshold settings may be too low. The maximum is 2346.Jan 16, 2024 ... In my experience, a download speed of 3-5 Mbps is perfect for casual gaming like single-player adventures or relaxed online matches where fast ...For a good gaming performance, the recommended internet speed for gaming is 1 Mbps. But we at HomeLinkd recommend a minimum internet speed of at least 5 Mbps. . For 720p HD video streaming, you'll need an internet speed of 25 Mbps. For 1080p HD video streaming, you'll need an internet speed of 50 Mbps to 100 Mbps.CS:GO estimates 100-300mb per game, which isn't too much. You'll run into a higher issue with your users having a higher ping than anything else. Assuming you're on cable, anticipate a higher ping due to your routes. For servers hosted in a datacenter, they have very optimized routing, and can eliminate unnecessary hops along the route.Jan 3, 2024 ... The minimum required internet speed for gaming is 3Mbps. However, all gaming consoles are designed differently. These consoles have different ...Dec 9, 2022 · Good internet speeds for gaming require a lot of things to go right: You need a solid router (if it has to be a wireless router, make sure to get the best), but that’s just the start. How far away you are from a server geographically speaking also affects your connection; other interfering factors - e.g., a firewall - also need to be taken ... Take a minute to examine the specifications and see what the suggested minimum internet speed for your console is, whatever your choice may be. Xbox One: 3 Mbps; PlayStation 5: 5 Mbps; Nintendo Switch: 3 Mbps; PC Gaming: 3 to 6 Mbps; Speed Based on Game Type. The sorts of games you like playing might have an impact on your …What is a Good Download Speed? Usually a good download speed is one that is reliable and ranges from 6-10 Mbps, where "Mbps" stands for megabits per second). If you are running multiple devices or playing online gaming, then it might be useful to have a higher internet connection speed such as 10 mbps or higher.As mentioned, latency isn’t usually the focus of internet providers, so it can be difficult to troubleshoot latency issues when you have them. Fortunately, there are some steps you can take to make your internet connection better for playing online games: Connect via an Ethernet cable. Choose the nearest game server.The best gaming internet is measured first by its quality. Low latency wins over high speed alone. Gaming uses 3 Mbps download speed and 1 Mbps upload speed on average. While downloading games, you’ll want at least 50 Mbps dedicated for quick downloads; Ping of around 50 ms is good for casual gaming, but you want less than 20 ms to play ...High Definition (HD/720p) 3 Mbps. High Definition (HD/1080p) 5 Mbps. 4K (UHD/2160p) 15+ Mbps. 8K (UHD/4320p) 50+ Mbps. It will be quite a while before 8K content is widely available, but SD, HD, and 4K UHD content are widely available right now.In today’s fast-paced digital world, having a reliable and fast internet connection is essential. Whether you’re streaming movies, playing online games, or working from home, slow ...The PlayStation 5 delivers an immersive gaming experience suitable for the whole family. A reliable internet connection is crucial for seamless gameplay. To fully enjoy games on a PlayStation 5, it is recommended to have a minimum download speed of 50 Mbps and a minimum upload speed of 20 Mbps. However, if other individuals are using your ... On the other hand, to game, u can use any starting from 2-4Mbps, up to what ever. Upload is other thing which will cause issues, so don't take any package with upload lower than at least 1-2 Mbps. If you're planning to download games and other stuff, then I'd recommend something from 30-40 Mbps and above. 3. What is a good ping speed? Most gamers agree that for online gaming, a good ping speed will be between 20-40ms, though anything under 100ms is considered acceptable. Some professional gamers will ...NBN Co recommends its Home Ultrafast (NBN 1000) speed tier as the best for all your gaming needs, while Home Superfast (NBN 250) will offer a smooth gaming experience. Home Fast speeds (NBN 100) are also good for a consistent gaming experience, even when others are online. However, those faster speeds are usually only …Dec 19, 2023 · QoS comes in two flavors: manual and automated. Automated is ideal and a common feature on high-end 802.11ac routers. Manual QoS usually has a less noticeable effect on network performance; it’s more a question of tinkering with the settings for various devices on the network yourself, which is better than nothing. 3. Dec 21, 2023 · Most online games need upload speeds of only 1 Mbps to properly run. But if you’re regularly streaming games on Twitch or coordinating strategy on a Discord server with friends, you’ll get your money’s worth from a plan with fast upload speeds. In either case, we’d recommend an internet plan with a minimum upload speed of 5–10 Mbps. In today’s digital age, a fast and reliable internet connection is no longer just a luxury but a necessity. Whether you’re streaming your favorite TV shows, engaging in online gami...A good internet speed for a typical home is 100Mbps with a few guidelines that can help you make any necessary adjustments. Serious online gaming, large file uploads, and more than 10 connected ...DSL. 18–61 ms. CenturyLink, Verizon, AT&T, Windstream. The gold standard for internet gaming is fiber internet, which gives you the fastest speeds with the lowest latency. Cable isn’t too far off from fiber, but you might encounter a few more milliseconds worth of lag than you would with a fiber connection.Around 80-100Mbps during typical evening peak periods. Upload speeds. Up to 40Mbps. NBN 100 plans are a good option for larger households, and they’re also the fastest plans available to most of the population on fixed line NBN services, as FTTN connections currently top out at this speed tier.On the other hand, to game, u can use any starting from 2-4Mbps, up to what ever. Upload is other thing which will cause issues, so don't take any package with upload lower than at least 1-2 Mbps. If you're planning to download games and other stuff, then I'd recommend something from 30-40 Mbps and above. 3.What Is a Good Internet Speed for Gaming? Good speeds for gaming or streaming are a minimum of 50 Mbps download speed, with the most optimal speed being 100 Mbps or higher. You’ll need more ...Based on ISP reporting, our testing, and customer reviews and ratings, 5G fixed-wireless internet is capable of providing buttery smooth gaming experiences as a low-latency internet service. With latency measurements, the lower the better, but most gamers are comfortable with anything at 100ms and under. T-Mobile reports very low …The speed is not the factor you need to consider. As many have suggested anything above 2mbps should be sufficient. The main factor is the ping/latency. It should be as small as possible. 10ms will give you reasonable performance. Many wireless internet connections have higher pings so be careful of this. Rauzje.Dec 21, 2023 · Most online games need upload speeds of only 1 Mbps to properly run. But if you’re regularly streaming games on Twitch or coordinating strategy on a Discord server with friends, you’ll get your money’s worth from a plan with fast upload speeds. In either case, we’d recommend an internet plan with a minimum upload speed of 5–10 Mbps. Download speed: 3 Mbps. Upload speed: 0.5 Mbps. Ping rate: 150 ms or less. Pro tip: Gaming systems and services often give minimum internet speed recommendations for optimum performance. …Aug 17, 2022 · Many of the best games on Xbox Cloud Gaming are turn-based, though, offering a good experience even on slower or less-than-ideal connections. I generally put smart devices on the 2.4GHz SSID. I ... The latest broadband statistics show that Virgin is the best internet service provider when it comes to both download and upload speeds, with speeds of 97.6% and 98.8%, respectively. Regionally ...In today’s fast-paced digital world, having a high-speed internet connection is essential for both personal and professional reasons. Whether you use the internet for streaming mov...CS:GO estimates 100-300mb per game, which isn't too much. You'll run into a higher issue with your users having a higher ping than anything else. Assuming you're on cable, anticipate a higher ping due to your routes. For servers hosted in a datacenter, they have very optimized routing, and can eliminate unnecessary hops along the route.Nov 21, 2022 · Most games need a download speed of only about 3 Mbps and an upload speed of 1 Mbps to play online. 1 This applies to both console and PC games. This speed is quite a bit less than you need for streaming video like Netflix or Hulu. That’s because most of the heavy lifting for video games is done by the CPU and graphics card, so the only ... A fast and reliable internet connection is crucial to prevent delay, as even a slight hiccup can cause you to miss your target. It is recommended to have a minimum download speed of >3.5 Mbps with an upload speed of >0.5 Mbps. Real-time strategy games: These games allow players to play simultaneously in real-time.If you’re like most people, you want the best of everything. Many people find that having fast internet access is essential when it comes to completing their regular digital tasks ...According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), a broadband internet connection in the United States needs to provide a minimum download speed of 25 Mbps and a minimum upload speed of 3 Mbps to qualify as broadband. If your internet speeds are higher than this baseline, you probably have “good” internet performance.Poisonella. •. It should be enough for gaming, but if you have multiple devices hooked up and running at the same time, you'll notice issues. If you can afford it, upgrade. Otherwise limit what devices are using the net at the same time. sloppyoppyman. •. I live in the middle of nowhere, and make do with 15mbps.In today’s fast-paced digital world, having a reliable and fast internet connection is essential. Whether you’re streaming movies, playing online games, or working from home, slow ...Because “bits” of data are very small, speed is usually measured in megabits, or millions of bits, per second (Mbps). Some superfast fiber services can send data at a gigabit per second (Gbps ...Professional gamers need an internet connection that guarantees speeds at least 6-8 Mbps to give fans a high-quality streaming experience on Twitch, with higher ...Fast reaction times for online gaming is crucial for an online gamer, which makes a high-speed Internet a must. Keeping latency low is critical for consistent, responsive gameplay and a speed of 500 Mbps will provide a very good experience.Take a minute to examine the specifications and see what the suggested minimum internet speed for your console is, whatever your choice may be. Xbox One: 3 Mbps; PlayStation 5: 5 Mbps; Nintendo Switch: 3 Mbps; PC Gaming: 3 to 6 Mbps; Speed Based on Game Type. The sorts of games you like playing might have an impact on your …While you can play games online using basic ADSL broadband with internet speeds of as low as 11Mbps, for a good gaming experience on the best consoles with …You don't need a lot of speed to play games online, but you do need a 5Mbps connection or faster. Learn the factors that impact your gaming experience, such as latency, upload speed, and connection type. Find out the recommended speeds and …Jan 19, 2024 · High-speed internet is considered somewhere between 25 and 100 Mbps. 100 Mbps is fast enough to stream in HD and 4K, browse social media, stream music, work remotely, and play your favorite video games. We recommend 100 Mbps download speeds for households of 1–4 people. If everyone in the house uploads files or games daily and often, a 100 ... For light internet use with up to five simultaneous devices connected, up to 100 Mbps is a good download speed. For streaming and gaming and multiple devices, 100–500 Mbps is good. What is a good Internet speed for gaming and streaming? To play online games seamlessly without disruption, a minimum download speed of 25 Mbps is recommended by experts. However, for the ideal gaming experience, broadband speeds of 100 Mbps or above will allow lag-free 4K gaming, support multiple connected devices, …Gaming works, but T-Mobile Home Internet suffers big time from buffer bloat, and gaming is affected. For example someone in the house will be playing a game such as Fortnite or Valorant and everything is working well until I do an internet speed test of one of my devices. The ping shoots up way high and causes stuttering in the game.First-person-shooter (FPS) and racing games: Since timing is vital in FPS and racing games, you should aim for a ping of less than 50ms to stay competitive with other players.; Massively multiplayer online (MMO) games: MMO games are one of the only genres where ping can be a little higher without the game becoming unplayable.Some of these games …What is a good internet speed? For most households, even if you work or learn remotely, a good internet speed is 35–50 Mbps. For families of 5+ or households with dozens of connected gadgets, a good internet speed is 100 Mbps. Internet speeds for gaming. We mentioned above that online gaming can require medium speeds, in …As mentioned, latency isn’t usually the focus of internet providers, so it can be difficult to troubleshoot latency issues when you have them. Fortunately, there are some steps you can take to make your internet connection better for playing online games: Connect via an Ethernet cable. Choose the nearest game server.So, when I asked my friend, who is a professional Fortnite gamer, he said: “See, Aman, a good internet speed for gaming always depends on how stable your internet speed is. If you are getting above 5-10 Mbps of speed, which is stable and constant, then this would be a good speed for any gamer.Poisonella. •. It should be enough for gaming, but if you have multiple devices hooked up and running at the same time, you'll notice issues. If you can afford it, upgrade. Otherwise limit what devices are using the net at the same time. sloppyoppyman. •. I live in the middle of nowhere, and make do with 15mbps.What Internet speed do I need for gaming, you ask? Most video game console manufacturers recommend at least 3 Mbps (or “megabits per second,” the measurement of how much data can be moved in a second) of download speed and 0.5 Mbps to 1 Mbps of upload speed as a generally “good internet speed”.Feb 24, 2024 · DSL. 18–61 ms. CenturyLink, Verizon, AT&T, Windstream. The gold standard for internet gaming is fiber internet, which gives you the fastest speeds with the lowest latency. Cable isn’t too far off from fiber, but you might encounter a few more milliseconds worth of lag than you would with a fiber connection. More bandwidth (i.e. faster speeds) Fiber also beats traditional internet speeds, which are often referred to as bandwidth and are measured in megabytes per second (Mbps). Almost all fiber ISPs offer at least gig speeds, and many offer multi-gig speeds. High bandwidth isn’t a must-have for online gaming.To determine a good internet speed for gaming, distinguishing between recommendations and requirements is crucial. Here’s a comprehensive overview of the factors that affect your internet speed, as well as the minimum requirements and speed recommendations for the PlayStation, Xbox, and Nintendo Switch.Twitch: To stream at 720p, you need upload speeds of 3Mbps or higher. And 7Mbps-10Mbps are recommended for streaming at 1080p. Facebook: Aim for an upload speed of 3 to 4 Mbps if you want to stream 720p video and 6 to 7 Mbps for 1080p video. Youtube: 3 to 5 Mbps are for 720p video streaming and 4 to 8 Mbps for 1080p.5G home internet is a wireless connection transmitted through high-frequency signals by 5G cell towers. It provides faster internet speeds and lower latency than the older 4G and 3G technologies.. While 5G home internet provides high speeds and will handle most gaming activities, its performance comes with some inconsistency and …Xfinity internet is one of the more popular broadband internet providers across the country. With speeds of up to 2,000 Mbps or more, depending on your location, you can enjoy grea...Jul 18, 2020 ... To have the ultimate gaming experience, Xfinity recommends speed tiers with download speeds of 300 Mbps and above. Download speed versus ping.Below, we've compiled four editorial picks for the current best NBN providers and plans for gamers. You'll also find price-comparisons for high-speed NBN plans across all relevant plan tiers in ...What Is a Good Internet Speed for Gaming? Good speeds for gaming or streaming are a minimum of 50 Mbps download speed, with the most optimal speed being 100 Mbps or higher. You’ll need more ...Jan 16, 2024 · So, when I asked my friend, who is a professional Fortnite gamer, he said: “See, Aman, a good internet speed for gaming always depends on how stable your internet speed is. If you are getting above 5-10 Mbps of speed, which is stable and constant, then this would be a good speed for any gamer. As mentioned, latency isn’t usually the focus of internet providers, so it can be difficult to troubleshoot latency issues when you have them. Fortunately, there are some steps you can take to make your internet connection better for playing online games: Connect via an Ethernet cable. Choose the nearest game server.There are also some games that demand high-speed internet, like Microsoft Flight Simulator, to enjoy the full beauty of the game’s world – so having a fast and reliable connection is paramount. ... Although Cat5e and Cat6 are both good choices for gaming over Ethernet connections, Cat6 cables are often the preferred type.Aug 16, 2023 · For two or more users who regularly stream high definition or 4K video, use videoconferencing, participate in online gaming, or work from home, a good internet speed of 12 to 25 Mbps makes the ... In today’s fast-paced world, having a reliable and high-speed internet connection is essential. Whether you’re streaming your favorite TV shows, working from home, or gaming online...More bandwidth (i.e. faster speeds) Fiber also beats traditional internet speeds, which are often referred to as bandwidth and are measured in megabytes per second (Mbps). Almost all fiber ISPs offer at least gig speeds, and many offer multi-gig speeds. High bandwidth isn’t a must-have for online gaming.Upload speed: The speed with which you send data to the server is upload speed. As we saw above, the internet is not used to uploading greatly, especially during gaming. So, a speed of 1 Mbps must ...More than 300ms - Unplayable: This kind of connection is unsuitable for smooth online gaming. In addition to ping, the speed of your internet connection is a key factor. Super fast broadband is ...In today’s fast-paced digital world, having a reliable and speedy internet connection is essential. Whether you are streaming movies, playing online games, or working from home, kn...Sep 11, 2023 · As mentioned, latency isn’t usually the focus of internet providers, so it can be difficult to troubleshoot latency issues when you have them. Fortunately, there are some steps you can take to make your internet connection better for playing online games: Connect via an Ethernet cable. Choose the nearest game server.
CS:GO estimates 100-300mb per game, which isn't too much. You'll run into a higher issue with your users having a higher ping than anything else. Assuming you're on cable, anticipate a higher ping due to your routes. For servers hosted in a datacenter, they have very optimized routing, and can eliminate unnecessary hops along the route.. Does god forgive adultery
Oct 19, 2023 · Yes, 100 Mbps is a solid speed for gaming online. But you may need faster speeds depending on how often you play and what else you do online between runs on games like Fortnite and Overwatch. A lot of games you can play online still work well even when you have relatively slow internet speeds. Are you looking for a reliable internet connection that won’t let you down? Wave Broadband offers high-speed internet that is fast, reliable, and secure. With speeds up to 1 Gigabi...The PlayStation 5 delivers an immersive gaming experience suitable for the whole family. A reliable internet connection is crucial for seamless gameplay. To fully enjoy games on a PlayStation 5, it is recommended to have a minimum download speed of 50 Mbps and a minimum upload speed of 20 Mbps. However, if other individuals are using your ...Mar 5, 2024 · For gaming, fibre broadband is the way to go. It's built to handle the demands of high-end consoles and avoid the lag and slowness that can plague gamers. Standard fibre offers speeds that typically range from 30Mbps to 67Mbps, which should suffice for most gaming needs. However, for the ultimate gaming experience, full fibre offers speeds up ... What Internet speed do I need for gaming, you ask? Most video game console manufacturers recommend at least 3 Mbps (or “megabits per second,” the measurement of how much data can be moved in a second) of download speed and 0.5 Mbps to 1 Mbps of upload speed as a generally "good internet speed". Because we live in a highly connected world ... QoS comes in two flavors: manual and automated. Automated is ideal and a common feature on high-end 802.11ac routers. Manual QoS usually has a less noticeable effect on network performance; it’s more a question of tinkering with the settings for various devices on the network yourself, which is better than nothing. 3. SenSen420. •. It could also be your console is really far from the router and not getting a good connection. Reply reply. MigRustler. •. You may have to get your line serviced. You might not have a stable connection to your ISP (internet service provider). If your line is dropping packets or your equipment is then you won't get a solid ... Jul 13, 2023 ... Why does internet speed matter in gaming? Internet speed refers to how fast data or information travels from the World Wide Web to your device, ...Nov 21, 2022 · Most games need a download speed of only about 3 Mbps and an upload speed of 1 Mbps to play online. 1 This applies to both console and PC games. This speed is quite a bit less than you need for streaming video like Netflix or Hulu. That’s because most of the heavy lifting for video games is done by the CPU and graphics card, so the only ... What is a Good Download Speed? Usually a good download speed is one that is reliable and ranges from 6-10 Mbps, where "Mbps" stands for megabits per second). If you are running multiple devices or playing online gaming, then it might be useful to have a higher internet connection speed such as 10 mbps or higher.Are you looking for a reliable internet connection that won’t let you down? Wave Broadband offers high-speed internet that is fast, reliable, and secure. With speeds up to 1 Gigabi...What Internet speed do I need for gaming, you ask? Most video game console manufacturers recommend at least 3 Mbps (or “megabits per second,” the measurement of how much data can be moved in a second) of download speed and 0.5 Mbps to 1 Mbps of upload speed as a generally “good internet speed”. What internet speed do I need for gaming? For casual gamers, a speed of 15-30 Mbps should be fine for a good experience. However, if you're into competitive online gaming like first-person shooters where real-time action is paramount, you'll need a connection of at least 50-100 Mbps. While 1-2 Mbps upload speed is known to work for most online gamers, this is based on having no concurrent demands for upload speed. That means that faster upload speeds are critical for live streaming. Nowadays, it’s a common recommendation to make sure your upload speed is at least 5 Mbps for 1080p streaming across different live streaming ...What is a Good Download Speed? Usually a good download speed is one that is reliable and ranges from 6-10 Mbps, where "Mbps" stands for megabits per second). If you are running multiple devices or playing online gaming, then it might be useful to have a higher internet connection speed such as 10 mbps or higher.Viasat, HN, Starlink. Each type of internet connection brings its unique traits to your gaming experience. For instance, fiber internet isn’t just about high speeds; it’s known for having significantly lower latency, often between 10-25ms, making it a top choice for gamers. On the other hand, while DSL might offer a decent speed, its ...As long as it’s only ever one person. You need a 6Mbps upload speed to be able to stream 1080p60 consistently good quality video. So it should be good enough assuming you’re not going to also be uploading something else. That price tho, doesn’t feel right.If you want to test yourself. Open up a the run interface (Windows Button + R). Type in ‘CMD’ – this will bring you to the command prompt. Type in ‘PING <IP Address>’ – you can find IP addresses of each FFXIV ARR server below. At the bottom you will be given the minimum, maximum and finally your average ping..