Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, whereas machine learning grew out of computer science. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same ?eld, and together they have undergone substantial development over the past ten years. In particular, Bayesian methods have grown from a specialist niche …During the past decade there has been a considerable growth of interest in problems of pattern recognition and machine learn ing. In designing an optimal pattern recognition or control system, if all the a priori information about the process under study is known and can be described deterministically, the optimal system is usually designed by …Aug 23, 2016 · Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Christopher M. Bishop. Springer New York, Aug 23, 2016 - Computers - 778 pages. Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, whereas machine learning grew out of computer science. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same ?eld, and together they have undergone substantial ... This book is one of the most up-to-date and cutting-edge texts available on the rapidly growing application area of neural networks. Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition focuses on the use of neural networksin pattern recognition, a very important application area for neural networks technology. The contributors are widely known and highly ...This is often called syntactic pattern recognition with generative models. One may view a compiler for a programming language (e.g. matlab, c) as a syntactic pattern recognition system. A syntactic pattern recognition system not only classifies the input, but also extracts hierarchical (compositional) structures. Download BibTex. This leading textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the fields of pattern recognition and machine learning. It is aimed at advanced undergraduates or first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. No previous knowledge of pattern recognition or machine learning concepts is assumed. May 13, 2023 · Pattern perception, Pattern recognition systems, Machine learning, Reconnaissance des formes (Informatique) -- Manuels d'enseignement superieur, Apprentissage automatique -- Manuels d'enseignement superieur, Reconnaissance des formes (Informatique) -- Problemes et exercices, Apprentissage automatique -- Problemes et exercices, Statistique ... Among the various frameworks in which pattern recognition has been traditionally formulated, the statistical and machine learning approaches have been most comprehensively studied and employed in practice. Recently, deep learning techniques and methods have been receiving increasing attention.Get Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning now with the O’Reilly learning platform. O’Reilly members experience books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers. Study Guide What we can do and what we want to do on a computer? The high speed and memory capacity of computers have …In machine learning (ML), pattern recognition is the process of discovering similarities within small problems to solve larger, more complicated problems. Pattern …Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning provides excellent intuitive descriptions and appropriate-level technical details on modern pattern recognition and machine learning. It can be used to teach a course or for self-study, as well as for a reference. … I strongly recommend it for the intended audience and note that Neal (2007) also has given this …Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning were once something of a niche area, which has now exploded to become one of the hottest areas of study and research. Students from nearly every field of study clamour to study pattern recognition courses, researchers in nearly every discipline seek waysPattern Recognition in Machine Learning refers to identifying and detecting the regularities and patterns in data. This process involves training a machine learning …Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Lab preparation (JupyterHub, Python and pyTorch). B - Regression and Classification. Linear Regression, Logistic Regression and Regularization, Overfitting and Capacity, k-NN, Decision Trees, Artificial Neural Networks: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Back-PropagationThe field of pattern recognition and machine learning has a long and distinguished history. In particular, there are many excellent textbooks on the topic, so the question of why a new textbook is desirable must be confronted. The goal of this book is to be a concise introduction, which combines theory and practice and is suitable to the ...Graduate Certificate in Pattern Recognition Systems. Duration. 5 days. Course Time. 9.00am - 5.00pm. Enquiry. Please email [email protected] for more details. Machine learning uses statistical techniques to give computers the ability to "learn" with data without being explicitly programmed. With the most recent breakthrough in the area of deep ...Machine learning based pattern recognition is used to generate, analyze, and translate text. Hence, patterns are used to understand human language and generate text messages. Accordingly, text recognition on …Final Version Due. May 18, 2024. Categories natural language processing machine translation pattern recognition ontology. Call For Papers. 5th International Conference …Pattern recognition is a facet of machine learning that focuses on the identification of patterns and regularities in data. In essence, it is about classifying data based on either …Pattern Clustering: Criterion functions for clustering, Techniques for clustering -- K-means clustering, Hierarchical clustering, Density based clustering and Spectral clustering; Cluster validation. (6 Lectures) Text Books. C.M.Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, 2006Graduate Certificate in Pattern Recognition Systems. Duration. 5 days. Course Time. 9.00am - 5.00pm. Enquiry. Please email [email protected] for more details. Machine learning uses statistical techniques to give computers the ability to "learn" with data without being explicitly programmed. With the most recent breakthrough in the area of deep ...In addition to that, the application of deep learning and machine learning in pattern recognition is also explained briefly. Download chapter PDF. 4.1 Introduction. Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved as a realistic technology in recent years, with beneficial applications in a variety of sectors. Most of these technologies are related to … \Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning" by Bishop tommyod @ github Finished May 2, 2019. Last updated June 27, 2019. Abstract This document contains solutions to selected exercises from the book \Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning" by Christopher M. Bishop. Written in 2006, PRML is one of the most popular books in the eld of machine ... The aim of this textbook is to introduce machine learning, and the algorithmic paradigms it offers, in a principled way. The book provides an extensive theoretical account of the fundamental ideas underlying machine learning and the mathematical derivations that transform these principles into practical algorithms. Solutions for Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning - Christopher M. Bishop View on GitHub This repo contains (or at least will eventually contain) solutions to all the exercises in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning - Christopher M. Bishop , along with useful code snippets to illustrate certain concepts.Ng's research is in the areas of machine learning and artificial intelligence. He leads the STAIR (STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot) project, whose goal is to develop a home assistant robot that can perform tasks such as tidy up a room, load/unload a dishwasher, fetch and deliver items, and prepare meals using a kitchen.(Only for Supervised Learning and follows Bishop) Pattern Recognition: Indian Institute of Science (I personally like this course as I have attended it, but this course requires you to know probability theory.) Both the courses are maths oriented, for a lighter course on machine learning would be "Machine Learning" by UdacityApr 1, 2024 · In machine learning (ML), pattern recognition is the process of discovering similarities within small problems to solve larger, more complicated problems. Pattern recognition techniques are crucial in intelligent systems and prove useful in many application domains. Pattern recognition incorporates two distinct learning classifications ... In addition to that, the application of deep learning and machine learning in pattern recognition is also explained briefly. Download chapter PDF. 4.1 Introduction. Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved as a realistic technology in recent years, with beneficial applications in a variety of sectors. Most of these technologies are related to …Pattern Recognition is defined as the process of identifying the trends (global or local) in the given pattern. A pattern can be defined as anything that follows …Aug 23, 2016 · Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Christopher M. Bishop. Springer New York, Aug 23, 2016 - Computers - 778 pages. Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, whereas machine learning grew out of computer science. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same ?eld, and together they have undergone substantial ... ‘A Hands-On Introduction to Machine Learning by Chirag Shah is a very good data science textbook, starting from the basics, that covers many subjects not usually covered in introductory data science books, including cloud computing, deep learning, dimensionality reduction, bias and fairness for a responsible AI, and a comprehensive …Pattern Recognition. Article PDF Available. Machine Learning in Pattern Recognition. April 2023. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 8 …Pattern recognition through machine learning algorithm is already established and have proven itself accurate in different fields such as education, crime, health and many others including fire ...Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Christopher M. Bishop. Springer, Aug 17, 2006 - Computers - 738 pages. This is the first textbook on pattern recognition to present the Bayesian viewpoint. The book presents approximate inference algorithms that permit fast approximate answers in situations where exact answers are …Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, whereas machine learning grew out of computer science. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of ... hensive …Learn what pattern recognition in machine learning is, how it works, and what are its benefits and limitations. Explore the main types of pattern recognition, …This tool is intended to assist researchers in machine learning and pattern recognition to extract feature matrix from these bio-signals automatically and reliably. In this paper, we provided the algorithms used for the signal-specific filtering and segmentation as well as extracting features that have been shown highly relevant to a better category …This self-contained textbook bridges the gap between mathematical and machine learning texts, introducing the mathematical concepts with a minimum of prerequisites. It uses these concepts to derive four central machine learning methods: linear regression, principal component analysis, Gaussian mixture models and support …In pattern recognition, the k-nearest neighbour algorithm. (k -NN) is a non-parametric method used for classification and. regression. In machine learning, support vector machines. (SVMs, also ...as a regression function, finding its root is equivalent to finding the maximum likelihood solution μML. Thus. Robbins-Monro for Maximum Likelihood (2) Example: estimate the mean of a Gaussian. The distribution of z is Gaussian with mean 1 { 1ML. For the Robbins-Monro update equation, aN. = 3⁄42=N. Assume 3⁄42 is known. Given i.i.d. data.Machine learning, classification and prediction models have applications across a range of fields. Sport analytics is an increasingly popular application, but most existing work is focused on ...Design systems and algorithms for pattern recognition. Critically compare the algorithms in a trade-off between complexity and performance. Present and report the results. Implement and analyze machine learning based methods for automatic training of pattern recognition systems.In this text, no previous knowledge of pattern recognition or of machine learning is necessary. The book appears to have been designed for course teaching, but obviously contains material that readers interested in self‐study can use. It is certainly structured for easy use. These are subjects which both cyberneticians and systemists …Overview. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on techniques and algorithms to interpret and understand patterns and visual information. Encompasses various topics, including the identification of patterns or regularities in data and computer vision with a focus on processing and interpreting visual ...Pattern perception, Pattern recognition systems, Machine learning, Reconnaissance des formes (Informatique) -- Manuels d'enseignement superieur, Apprentissage automatique -- Manuels d'enseignement superieur, Reconnaissance des formes (Informatique) -- Problemes et exercices, Apprentissage automatique -- …Introduction to pattern analysis and machine intelligence designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Topics include Bayes decision theory, learning parametric distributions, non-parametric methods, regression, Adaboost, perceptrons, support vector machines, principal components analysis, nonlinear dimension reduction, …Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Lab preparation (JupyterHub, Python and pyTorch). B - Regression and Classification. Linear Regression, Logistic Regression and Regularization, Overfitting and Capacity, k-NN, Decision Trees, Artificial Neural Networks: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Back-PropagationGet Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning now with the O’Reilly learning platform. O’Reilly members experience books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers. Study Guide What we can do and what we want to do on a computer? The high speed and memory capacity of computers have …To associate your repository with the pattern-recognition-and-machine-learning topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics." GitHub is where people build software. More than 100 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 420 million projects.Design systems and algorithms for pattern recognition. Critically compare the algorithms in a trade-off between complexity and performance. Present and report the results. Implement and analyze machine learning based methods for automatic training of pattern recognition systems.Introduction to pattern analysis and machine intelligence designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Topics include Bayes decision theory, learning parametric distributions, non-parametric methods, regression, Adaboost, perceptrons, support vector machines, principal components analysis, nonlinear dimension reduction, …Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning provides excellent intuitive descriptions and appropriate-level technical details on modern pattern recognition and machine learning. It can be used to teach a course or for self-study, as well as for a reference. … I strongly recommend it for the intended audience and note that Neal …This book is one of the most up-to-date and cutting-edge texts available on the rapidly growing application area of neural networks. Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition focuses on the use of neural networksin pattern recognition, a very important application area for neural networks technology. The contributors are widely known and highly ...Apr 1, 2024 · In machine learning (ML), pattern recognition is the process of discovering similarities within small problems to solve larger, more complicated problems. Pattern recognition techniques are crucial in intelligent systems and prove useful in many application domains. Pattern recognition incorporates two distinct learning classifications ... In recent years the use of graph based representation has gained popularity in pattern recognition and machine learning. As a matter of fact, object representation by means of graphs has a number of advantages over feature vectors. Therefore, various algorithms for graph based machine learning have been proposed in the literature. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Browse Computer Science: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Relevant books. View all. Book; Machine Learning Evaluation; Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are widely applied in many disciplines including medicine. Pattern recognition or automatization has been successfully implemented in various field studies. Similarly, multiple efforts have been made in medicine to implement AI/ML technology to solve medical problems, [...] Read more.Learn what pattern recognition in machine learning is, how it works, and what are its benefits and limitations. Explore the main types of pattern recognition, …Pattern recognition through machine learning algorithm is already established and have proven itself accurate in different fields such as education, crime, health and many others including fire ...Patterns are recognized by the help of algorithms used in Machine Learning. Recognizing patterns is the process of classifying the data based on the …Our analysis suggests that a new categorization of old-world plant oils is possible as revealed by machine learning patterns. ... Yu, Z. et al. Pattern recognition based on machine learning ... Download BibTex. This leading textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the fields of pattern recognition and machine learning. It is aimed at advanced undergraduates or first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. No previous knowledge of pattern recognition or machine learning concepts is assumed. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning provides excellent intuitive descriptions and appropriate-level technical details on modern pattern recognition and machine …In statistical machine learning, pattern recognition and data mining, data is represented as a pattern matrix or data matrix. We illustrate it using the data in Figure 2.1 which is represented using the matrix shown in Table 2.1. Note that in Table 2.1, there are eight patterns which are represented using height in feet and weight in Kilograms.Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics) یک کتاب فوق العاده در زمینه یادگیری ماشین که تئوری مسائل مربوط به ماشین لرنینگ رو طورکامل بررسی می کند. این کتاب که به کتاب بی شاپ معروف است نوشته Christopher M. Bishop از دانشمندان هوش مصنوعی است.. این کتاب میتواند مرجعی مناسب در کنار منابع ...This self-contained textbook bridges the gap between mathematical and machine learning texts, introducing the mathematical concepts with a minimum of prerequisites. It uses these concepts to derive four central machine learning methods: linear regression, principal component analysis, Gaussian mixture models and support …During the past decade there has been a considerable growth of interest in problems of pattern recognition and machine learn ing. In designing an optimal pattern recognition or control system, if all the a priori information about the process under study is known and can be described deterministically, the optimal system is usually designed by …Starting in the 1990s, researchers realized machine learning could help them make pattern recognition algorithms faster than before. That’s because machine learning requires less human intervention. Closing Thoughts on Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. It should be obvious now that there are numerous similarities …Pattern recognition and Machine learning. Yj Cho. Authors: Bishop, Christopher. See Full PDF Download PDF. See Full PDF Download PDF. Related Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence. 2013 • Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay. Download Free PDF View PDF. Bishop Pattern Recognition and …Amazon.in - Buy Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning book online at best prices in India on Amazon.in. Read Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning book reviews & author details and more at Amazon.in. Free delivery on qualified orders.This PDF file contains the editorial “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning” for JEI Vol. 16 Issue 04 ©(2007) Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Citation Download CitationPattern Recognition and Machine Learning Browse Computer Science: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Relevant books. View all. Book; Machine Learning Evaluation; Nathalie Japkowicz, Zois Boukouvalas, Mohak Shah; Textbook; Linear Algebra for Data Science, Machine Learning, and Signal Processing; Jeffrey A. Fessler, Raj …Aug 17, 2006 · Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Christopher M. Bishop. Springer, Aug 17, 2006 - Computers - 738 pages. This is the first textbook on pattern recognition to present the Bayesian viewpoint. The book presents approximate inference algorithms that permit fast approximate answers in situations where exact answers are not feasible. the areas of Pattern Recognition, Machine Learning, and Data Min-ing. A paper co-authored by him on Pattern Clustering has around 9600 citations as reported by Google scholar. A team led by him had won the KDD Cup on the citation prediction task organized by the Cornell University in 2003. He is elected as a fellow of both the Indian National …Apr 1, 2024 · In machine learning (ML), pattern recognition is the process of discovering similarities within small problems to solve larger, more complicated problems. Pattern recognition techniques are crucial in intelligent systems and prove useful in many application domains. Pattern recognition incorporates two distinct learning classifications ... Published on Apr. 11, 2023. Image: Shutterstock / Built In. Pattern recognition is a process for automating the identification and exploration of patterns in data sets. Since there’s no single way to recognize data … Course Description. This course introduces fundamental concepts, theories, and algorithms for pattern recognition and machine learning, which are used in computer vision, speech recognition, data mining, statistics, information retrieval, and bioinformatics. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)August 2006. Author: Christopher M. Bishop. Publisher: Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg. … In machine learning, pattern recognition is the assignment of a label to a given input value. In statistics, discriminant analysis was introduced for this same purpose in 1936. An example of pattern recognition is classification , which attempts to assign each input value to one of a given set of classes (for example, determine whether a given ... About the Authors. Deep learning has revolutionized pattern recognition, introducing tools that power a wide range of technologies in such diverse fields as computer vision, natural language processing, and automatic speech recognition. Applying deep learning requires you to simultaneously understand how to cast a problem, the basic ...Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics) یک کتاب فوق العاده در زمینه یادگیری ماشین که تئوری مسائل مربوط به ماشین لرنینگ رو طورکامل بررسی می کند. این کتاب که به کتاب بی شاپ معروف است نوشته Christopher M. Bishop از دانشمندان هوش مصنوعی است.. این کتاب میتواند مرجعی مناسب در کنار منابع ...Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing regularities in data by a machine that uses machine learning algorithms. In the heart of the process lies the classification of events based on statistical information, historical data, or the machine’s memory. A pattern is a regularity in the world or in abstract notions.DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-45528-0. Corpus ID: 31993898. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Radford M. Neal. Published in Technometrics 17 …This is often called syntactic pattern recognition with generative models. One may view a compiler for a programming language (e.g. matlab, c) as a syntactic pattern recognition system. A syntactic pattern recognition system not only classifies the input, but also extracts hierarchical (compositional) structures.Using machine learning and image-based pattern recognition, the bond quality is classified into succinct categories to determine the presence of channeling. Successful classifications of the input data can then be added to the libraries, thus improving future analysis through an iterative process.Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning provides excellent intuitive descriptions and appropriate-level technical details on modern pattern recognition and machine …Basic for various pattern recognition and machine learning methods. Translated from Japanese, the book also features chapter exercises, keywords, and summaries. Show less. This is the first text to provide a unified and self-contained introduction to visual pattern recognition and machine learning. It is useful as a general introduction to artifical …This paper provides an overview of some of the most relevant deep learning approaches to pattern extraction and recognition in visual arts, particularly painting and drawing. Recent advances in deep learning and computer vision, coupled with the growing availability of large digitized visual art collections, have opened new opportunities for …
Course Description. This course introduces fundamental concepts, theories, and algorithms for pattern recognition and machine learning, which are used in computer vision, speech recognition, data mining, statistics, information retrieval, and bioinformatics. . Lax to san juan
Find breaking science news and analysis from the world's leading research journal.Apr 4, 2024 · Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using a machine learning algorithm. Pattern recognition can be defined as the classification of data based on knowledge already gained or on statistical information extracted from patterns and/or their representation. Pattern Recognition & Machine Learning. Machine Learning: The State of the Art. The two fundamental problems in machine learning (ML) are statistical analysis and algorithm design. The former tells us the principles of the mathematical models that we establish from the observation data. The latter defines the conditions on which ... Course Description. This course introduces fundamental concepts, theories, and algorithms for pattern recognition and machine learning, which are used in computer vision, speech recognition, data mining, statistics, information retrieval, and bioinformatics. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics) یک کتاب فوق العاده در زمینه یادگیری ماشین که تئوری مسائل مربوط به ماشین لرنینگ رو طورکامل بررسی می کند. این کتاب که به کتاب بی شاپ معروف است نوشته Christopher M. Bishop از دانشمندان هوش مصنوعی است.. این کتاب میتواند مرجعی مناسب در کنار منابع ...MetaKernel: Learning Variational Random Features With Limited Labels, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 46:3, (1464-1478), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2024. Zhang D and Lauw H (2024).Pattern recognition and machine learning . 1992. Abstract. No abstract available. ... Anzai seeks to provide a basic knowledge of pattern recognition, learning concepts based on symbolic representations, and learning concepts as implemented in neural networks. It is intended as a college-level text needing as background only the … Inference step Determine either or . Decision step For given x, determine optimal t. Minimum Misclassification Rate. Minimum Expected Loss. Example: classify medical images as ‘cancer’ or ‘normal’. Decision. Minimum Expected Loss. Regions are chosen to minimize. Reject Option. Aug 17, 2006 · No previous knowledge of pattern recognition or machine learning concepts is assumed. Familiarity with multivariate calculus and basic linear algebra is required, and some experience in the use of probabilities would be helpful though not essential as the book includes a self-contained introduction to basic probability theory. Pattern perception, Pattern recognition systems, Machine learning, Reconnaissance des formes (Informatique) -- Manuels d'enseignement superieur, Apprentissage automatique -- Manuels d'enseignement superieur, Reconnaissance des formes (Informatique) -- Problemes et exercices, Apprentissage automatique -- …Abstract. Machine learning (ML) techniques have gained remarkable attention in past two decades including many fields like computer vision, information retrieval, and pattern recognition. This paper presents a literature review on pattern recognition of various applications like signal processing, agriculture sector, healthcare …Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Bharadwaj, K. Prakash, G. Kanagachidambaresan. Published in Programming with TensorFlow 2021. Computer Science. Programming with TensorFlow. studyguide for pattern recognition and machine learning by bishop christopher m brand new 44 55 list price previous price 53 46 buy it …Introduction to pattern analysis and machine intelligence designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Topics include Bayes decision theory, learning parametric distributions, non-parametric methods, regression, Adaboost, perceptrons, support vector machines, principal components analysis, nonlinear dimension reduction, …A textbook by Paul Fieguth that covers the fundamentals and applications of pattern recognition and machine learning. It … Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, whereas machine learning grew out of computer science. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same field, and together they have undergone substantial development over the past ten years. In particular, Bayesian methods have grown from a specialist niche to Since Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition encompasses hundreds of algorithms and mathematical concepts, the goal of this course is not to give an overview of each one of them. Rather, it is to impart to students a strong fundamental background on these topics (such as feature clustering, dimensionality reduction, classification, and neural networks) …Pattern Recognition & Machine Learning. Machine Learning: The State of the Art. The two fundamental problems in machine learning (ML) are statistical analysis and algorithm design. The former tells us the principles of the mathematical models that we establish from the observation data. The latter defines the conditions on which ...Fig. 4: D and σ obtained from pattern recognition and machine learning. a Experimentally obtained magnetic domain images using a magnetic microscope equipped with a MTJ sensor.This is often called syntactic pattern recognition with generative models. One may view a compiler for a programming language (e.g. matlab, c) as a syntactic pattern recognition system. A syntactic pattern recognition system not only classifies the input, but also extracts hierarchical (compositional) structures..