Aaron douglass - Aaron Douglas chose oil and canvas for the materials of his artwork with the help of which he easily achieved crisp effects and fusion of tones (Wingate 2). Possibly, Aaron Douglas worked particularly hard with creating diagonal geometric lines and concentric circles that make the effect of intersection and balance at the same time. There is a ...

 
About. Transcript. Aaron Douglas' painting "Aspiration" celebrates African heritage and hope for a future without racial discrimination. Commissioned for the Texas Centennial …. Chris rock selective outrage watch online free

A number of Harlem Renaissance artists, including Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Loïs Mailou Jones, Augusta Savage, Charles Alston, and Aaron Douglas were noted teachers, influencing subsequent generations. Howard University became one noted center for African American art under Jones's instruction of later artists including Alma Thomas, Elizabeth ...Douglas complimented team captain C.J. Mosley for his willingness to restructure his contract, which provided additional space under the salary cap to help the …Beginning in the origins of their African homeland, this painting depicts the silhouettes of the peoples engaging in cultural traditions. Douglas depicts ...Captain Aaron Douglass b. 3 Mar 1753 Black River (Chester) Morris Co NJ d. 23 Nov 1819 Morristown, New Jersey, USA: Our Douglas Family History. The Douglas Archives Genealogy Pages ... Mary Douglass, b. 12 Jun 1777, Chester Twp. Morris Co., NJ d. 30 Oct 1862, Knox Co., ...In Into Bondage, Aaron Douglas depicted African people, forced to walk toward their own enslavement in the Americas—a visual echo of atrocities that continued for hundreds of years. In 1862, anticipating the Emancipation Proclamation, slaveholders from Southern states including Louisiana and Mississippi forced more than 150,000 enslaved ...In the spring of 1922, Aaron Douglas became the first African American to graduate from the University of Nebraska with a bachelor of fine arts degree. During ...Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1899 – February 2, 1979) was an American painter, illustrator, and visual arts educator. He was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He developed his art career painting murals and creating illustrations that addressed social issues around race and segregation in the United States by utilizing African-centric imagery.Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1899 – February 2, 1979) was an American painter, illustrator, and visual arts educator. He was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He developed his art career painting murals and creating illustrations that addressed social issues around race and segregation in the United States by utilizing African-centric imagery.This is Alain Leroy Locke by Winold Reiss from 1925.. DENISE MURRELL: Reiss was an immigrant from Germany who became the principal illustrator of Alain Locke’s seminal book, The New Negro that was the philosophical foundation of the movement. Reiss was also the teacher of Aaron Douglas, who was also an illustrator for The New Negro.What you're …Derek Fordjour traces his interest in Harlem Renaissance art to his childhood in Tennessee, where he saw Aaron Douglas’s murals at Fisk University, and to his art history classes at Morehouse ...Study for Mural (1963) by Aaron Douglas; Delaware Art Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. When we look at Defiance, one of the artist’s later works, we notice a similarity to his earlier-mentioned work Sahdji (Tribal Women). Both appear in a characteristic decorative composition; we see the familiar circular and angular shapes …David Blight's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography details Douglass' passionate leadership in the abolitionist movement and his gift as a writer and orator. Originally broadcast Dec. 17 2018.Aaron Douglas wanted his painting to convey the abstract quality he associated with Negro spirituals while also having a kind of jazz-like visual rhythm. The Chicago artist Archibald J. Motley (although he was not really part of the New York movement) often portrayed scenes of African American nightlife in what he called a "jazz syncopated" style, using bold colors and …1:54. German perfume retailer Douglas AG priced its €890 million ($967 million) initial public offering at €26 a share, the bottom of a marketed range. The CVC …Nov 21, 2023 · A painting of artist Aaron Douglas. Douglas was born on May 26, 1899, in Topeka, Kansas. His father, Aaron Douglas Sr., was a baker, and his mother, Elizabeth Douglas, was a homemaker and amateur ... How to build infrastructure to channel your emotions “I wanted to be a workplace therapist. In fact, I studied social work because I thought work was so broken. I kept thinking, Wh... While many scholars celebrate Aaron Douglas as the foremost visual artist of the Harlem Renaissance, there remains a widespread unfamiliarity with the diversity of his artistic production and his manifold contributions to the New Negro Movement. Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist, the first nationally touring retrospective of his work, attends to this disparity. Organized by Susan Earle ... What is the Aaron's stolen property policy? We explain whether you'll need to keep making payments and more. In the event of theft, Aaron’s official policy is that you must continu... Frist Art Museum. This is the first touring retrospective of the work of Aaron Douglas and included approximately 100 paintings, works on paper, and book illustrations from this leading artist of the Harlem Renaissance. Born to laborer parents in Topeka, Kansas, Aaron Douglas (1899–1979) overcame many obstacles to follow his passion for art ... Aaron Douglas. Aaron Douglas, né le 26 mai 1899 à Topeka ( Kansas) et mort le 12 octobre 1979 à Nashville ( Tennessee) est un peintre, illustrateur et professeur en arts visuels américain. Il est une figure majeure du mouvement culturel afro-américain dit de la Renaissance de Harlem.Alex, Natasha and Mary Ann talk about Finix's Stripes, blue skies and paparazzi all in the realm of a busier-than-usual tech cycles. Hello, and welcome back to Equity, a podcast ab...Feb 26, 2019 · Aaron Douglas was an African-American painter and graphic artist who played a leading role in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s. He is sometimes referred to as “the father of black American art.”. Douglas developed an interest in art early on, finding some of his inspiration from his mother’s love for painting watercolors. 30. From Slavery Through Reconstruction answered a crucial calling. It was 1934 – peak of the Great Depression. The philosopher Alain Locke’s entreaty for Black stories inspired the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas was one of the artists who filled this need. The Federal Arts Project funded him with a New York Public Library project.Among the items featured is the handwritten ledger of Douglass’ first enslaver, Aaron Anthony, documenting the births of most of Douglass’ maternal relatives: his grandmother Betsey in 1774 ...23 March 2024. Step into the world of artistic brilliance and cultural resurgence with Aaron Douglas, the vanguard vision of the Harlem Renaissance. As the …The Bridge: Created by Alan DiFiore, Robert Wertheimer. With Aaron Douglas, Paul Popowich, Ona Grauer, Michael Murphy. A cop becomes a union leader for the police force. He has to balance between protecting the police force …Aaron Douglas. American, 1899 - 1979. Cite. PDF. Archived Version (s) Biography. Works of Art. Artist Bibliography. Biography. Aaron Douglas, widely acknowledged as one of the most accomplished and influential … The historically-black university had been a frequent collaborator with Renaissance artists, and had in fact had Douglas in residence in 1930 to paint murals in that institution’s Cravath Library. He taught at the university until retiring in 1966. Aaron Douglas died on Feb. 2, 1979, in Nashville. Photograph of Young Driver in Mine, 1908, by Lewis Hine. Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery to Reconstruction, 1934, by Aaron Douglas. The jacket from a 1937 book— You Have Seen Their Faces —which highlights the work of American documentary photographer Margaret Bourke-White. Racial inequality, as depicted in this 1935 photograph by Ben ...Aaron Douglas, Aspiration, 1936, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 152.4 cm (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco), a Seeing America videoA conversation with Timothy Angl...Aaron Douglas Hailed by some as the “Father of Black American Art,” illustrator and artist Aaron Douglas was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance. Born in Kansas, Douglas spent his early years in the Midwest, building up a reputation that would eventually garner the attention of sociologist and editor Charles Spurgeon Johnson, among others.An illustrator of graphic images depicting the struggles of African Americans, Emory Douglas became an influential force within the Black Panther Party from 1967 to 1980. Douglas' images were printed on the covers and interiors of the organization's eponymous newspaper, The Black Panther. His depictions of African Americans as revolutionary ...African American Artist Aaron Douglas was from Kansas, moved to New York City and was a leader in the Harlem Renaissance, and was commissioned to paint murals for the Hall of Negro Life in Texas. His works were destroyed, against the wishes of the Texas black community, in 1937. Only two panels of the four murals survived – one in the DeYoung ...But it lacked a visual identity until Aaron Douglas, a few years after earning his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Nebraska in 1922, stepped off the train in New York. Just 26 at the time, he was almost immediately in the company of the intellectual activist W.E.B. Du Bois and working on cover illustrations for the NAACP ’s The Crisis and ...Each person has a birthstone that correlates with the month in which he or she was born. Learn how these fascinating stones were assigned to each month and why. Birthstones are lik...Douglass was a slave by birth, his mother was a black slave woman named Harriet Bailey and his father a white man, alleged to be his master Aaron Anthony. Holmes Hill farm was his home for his first seven or eight years. Family.Aaron Douglas Sayings. – “Art is the most beautiful of all lies.”. – “In art, we find the soul’s voice.”. – “Art has the power to heal the heart and awaken the spirit.”. – “Creativity is the language of the soul.”. – “Art is a reflection of the world’s beauty and its struggles.”. – “To create is to bring ...David Blight's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography details Douglass' passionate leadership in the abolitionist movement and his gift as a writer and orator. Originally broadcast Dec. 17 2018.On the Small Business Radio Show this week, I interviewed Aaron Bare, who is a leading strategic facilitator, and author of the #1 Amazon Bestselling book, “Exponential Theory, the...In the spring of 1922, Aaron Douglas became the first African American to graduate from the University of Nebraska with a bachelor of fine arts degree. During ...Concentric circles—a motif frequently employed by Aaron Douglas to suggest sound, particularly African and African American song—radiate from a point on the horizon. In 1936, Douglas was commissioned to create a series of murals for the Texas Centennial Exposition in …Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1899 – February 2, 1979) was an American painter, illustrator, and visual arts educator. He was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He developed his art career painting murals and creating illustrations that addressed social issues around race and segregation in the United States by utilizing African-centric imagery.As renowned painter Aaron Douglas noted, the Black artist’s responsibility today and going forward is to “mine for gold” in the enormous and spiritual power sustaining Black life and capture the inner truths of the Black condition in America and the world. Douglas, Aaron. “Aaron Douglas Chats about the Harlem Renaissance.”.Sep 12, 2008 · Aaron Douglas, who created a singular mix of Afro-centric allegory and Modernist abstraction, is the subject of a valuable exhibition at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Aaron Douglas (1899–1979). Noah’s Ark, 1927. Aaron Douglas, a native of Kansas, studied art in Nebraska before going to Paris and finally settling in New York City, where he became part of the flourishing art scene of the 1920s and 1930s known as Harlem Renaissance. Douglas drew inspiration from this powerful cultural movement that ...For the nearly 50 years since that exhibition, The Met has expanded its holdings of works produced during the Harlem Renaissance—notably in 2021 with the establishment of the James Van Der Zee Archive in partnership with the Studio Museum in Harlem—and through the acquisition of paintings including by Aaron Douglas, Elizabeth Catlett, and Charles Alston it …Can your ‘sense of coherence’ influence your health? The concept of sense of coherence (SOC) was put forwa The concept of sense of coherence (SOC) was put forward by Aaron Antonovs... Aaron Douglas was an African-American painter and graphic artist who played a leading role in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s. He is sometimes referred to as “the father of black American art.”. READ MORE. From Harlem to Texas: African American Art and the Murals of Aaron Douglas The Aaron Douglas Cycle [gallery targetsize=. Aaron Douglas. Study for the book God's Trombones by James Weldon Johnson. 1926. Tempera and pencil on board. 17 5/8 × 14" (44.8 × 35.6 cm). Acquired through the generosity of Jack Shear, Agnes Gund, Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin, Alice and Tom Tisch, Marnie Pillsbury, Karole Dill Barkley and Eric J. Barkley, and gift of The Harmon and Harriet Kelley …Aaron Douglas. Actor: Battlestar Galactica. Aaron Douglas was born on 23 August 1971 in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. He is an actor, known for Battlestar Galactica (2004), Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (2016) and The Wedding Cottage (2023). He has been married to Jenny Douglas since 20 August 2011.Jul 31, 2019 · Learn about Aaron Douglas (1899-1979), one of the pioneers of African American art and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance movement. Explore his life, works, and legacy as a modernist painter, illustrator, and arts educator. Douglass was owned by Capt. Aaron Anthony, who was the clerk and superintendent of overseers for Edward Lloyd V (also known as Colonel Lloyd), a wealthy landowner and slaveholder in eastern Maryland. Like many other enslaved children, Douglass was separated from his mother, Harriet Bailey, when he was very young.Aaron Douglas Painter & Illustrator. Born. May 26, 1899. Died. February 2, 1979. Country. United States of America. “The father of African art.” “Dean of African American painters.” …Aaron Douglas: A Major Figure in Harlem Renaissance Art. Aaron Douglas was a leading artist of the Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement. Douglas, along with the philosopher Alain Locke, whose important 1925 anthology The New Negro featured Douglas’s illustrations—helped set in motion a new visual language …The residential address for Aaron is 13619 Wimbledon Oaks Drv, Houston, TX 77065-3717. Phoebe Douglas, Bruce B Douglass, and six other persons are also associated with this address. Monthly rental prices for a two-bedroom unit in the zip code 77065 is around $1,350. The popularity rank for the name Aaron was 63 in the US in 2020, the Social ...Aaron Douglas. (New York and Washington, D.C., May 14, 2015)—The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Art have each acquired a significant work by …Sep 21, 2022 · Sept. 21, 2022 - Jan. 30, 2023. Presented in the SCAD Museum of Art’s Evans Center for African American Studies, Aaron Douglas: Sermons explores the artist’s profound influence on creative practice today. The exhibition places key artworks by Douglas (American, 1899–1979) in conversation with work by contemporary artists, forming a ... Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1899 – February 2, 1979) was an American painter, illustrator, and visual arts educator. He was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He developed his art career painting murals and creating illustrations that addressed social issues around race and segregation in the United States by utilizing African-centric imagery.Dec 6, 2023 · A beacon of hope. Aaron Douglas's Aspiration. by Timothy Anglin Burgard, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and Dr. Beth Harris. A beacon of hope, Aaron Douglas's Aspiration. Watch on. Aaron Douglas, Aspiration, 1936, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 152.4 cm (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco), a Seeing America video. Born. May 26, 1899. Died. February 2, 1979. Country. United States of America. “The father of African art.” “Dean of African American painters.” “Pioneering Africanist.”. All of these honorifics have been applied to Aaron Douglas. His painting—typified by flat forms, hard edges, and repetitive geometric shapes—was strongly ... Aaron Douglas was born in Topeka, Kansas on May 26, 1899. Douglas began his studies at the University of Nebraska at the age of nineteen, and in 1922 he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. Following his studies in Nebraska, he taught visual arts at Lincoln High School in Kansas City, Missouri for two years. In this week's interview, Aaron Levie of Box talks about the impact of distributed computing and the future of work with Brent. Over fifteen years ago I hosted a weekly radio show ...The election of 1800 was important because both presidential candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, who were also both members of the Democratic-Republican Party, received 73...While many scholars celebrate Aaron Douglas as the foremost visual artist of the Harlem Renaissance, there remains a widespread unfamiliarity with the diversity of his artistic production and his manifold contributions to the New Negro Movement. Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist, the first nationally touring retrospective of his work, attends …Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1899 – February 2, 1979) was an American painter, illustrator, and visual arts educator. He was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He developed his art career painting murals and creating illustrations that addressed social issues around race and segregation in the United States by utilizing African-centric imagery. Aaron Douglas: MONA collection artwork. 1899, Topeka, Kansas – 1979, Nashville, Tennessee. Biographical sketch of artist Aaron Douglas. Aaron Douglas. Untitled (seated man with head resting) oil on canvas. c. 1935. 19 × 16″. Museum Purchase made possible by Cliff & Mary Hillegass Trusts, Cliff Art Endowment, and Marilyn F. Belschner Arts ... Aug. 10, 2022. Aaron Douglas had been making powerful murals for almost a decade when he created “ Into Bondage ,” a painting now at the National Gallery of Art. Douglas (1899-1979) was one of ...Aaron Douglas may refer to: Aaron Douglas (actor) (born 1971), Canadian actor. Aaron Douglas (artist) (1899–1979), American painter, illustrator and visual arts educator. …Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas, The Judgment Day, 1939, oil on tempered hardboard, Patrons' Permanent Fund, The Avalon Fund, 2014.135.1 Years after the 1927 publication of God’s Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse, Aaron Douglas painted new works of art based on his original illustrations for the book.The artist’s use of complementary colors (purple and …About Song of the Towers. Aaron Douglas’s “Song of the Towers” is an oil painting created in 1934 as part of his series “Aspects of Negro Life.”. The artwork measures 22 x 22 cm and is influenced by Art Deco and Synthetic Cubism. It is categorized as a history painting.Jun 27, 2023 · The artwork and leadership of Aaron Douglas foreshadowed the Civil Rights era by setting the visual tone of the Harlem Renaissance movement of the 1920s and 1930s. Aaron Douglas was a leader in the Harlem Renaissance school of painting, and one of the first artists to document the history of the African-American experience through visual art. At its core and in its simplest functions, Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program. You enter data into rows and columns from which you can use Excel's data visualization features...Among the items featured is the handwritten ledger of Douglass’ first enslaver, Aaron Anthony, documenting the births of most of Douglass’ maternal relatives: his grandmother Betsey in 1774 ...Around 1925, Aaron Douglas began to make a name for himself, and he was commissioned by the NAACP and the national urban league to create his work the new Negro for art. In 1926, he co-founded the magazine Fire. Douglas’s intention was to "to express ourselves freely and independently - without interference from old heads, white or Negro ...Directed by: Meryam Joobeur. Written by: Meryam Joobeur. Produced by: Maria Gracia Turgeon, Habib Attia. Mohamed is deeply shaken when his oldest son Malik returns home after a long journey with a mysterious new wife. ‘The Judgement Day’ was created in 1939 by Aaron Douglas in Art Deco style. Find more prominent pieces of history painting ...Aaron Douglas (Q4661979) Aaron Douglas. African-American painter, illustrator and visual arts educator. The father of Black American art. edit. Language. Label. Description. Also known as.The Bearden apartment on West 131st Street in Harlem was a frequent gathering place for such intellectuals as W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and Countee Cullen, as well as artists Aaron Douglas and Charles Alston, and jazz musicians Fats …In this week's interview, Aaron Levie of Box talks about the impact of distributed computing and the future of work with Brent. Over fifteen years ago I hosted a weekly radio show ...But it lacked a visual identity until Aaron Douglas, a few years after earning his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Nebraska in 1922, stepped off the train in New York. Just 26 at the time, he was almost immediately in the company of the intellectual activist W.E.B. Du Bois and working on cover illustrations for the NAACP ’s The Crisis and ...Emerging from the Harlem Renaissance, Aaron Douglas was a seminal American painter who masterfully blended the mediums of painting and illustration. His work is ...While many scholars celebrate Aaron Douglas as the foremost visual artist of the Harlem Renaissance, there remains a widespread unfamiliarity with the diversity of his artistic production and his manifold contributions to the New Negro Movement. Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist, the first nationally touring retrospective of his work, attends …One Life: Frederick Douglass. June 16, 2023 - April 21, 2024. Frederick Douglass (1818–1895), the preeminent African American voice of the nineteenth century, is remembered as one of the nation’s greatest orators, writers, and picture makers. Born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1818, Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was the son …Around 1925, Aaron Douglas began to make a name for himself, and he was commissioned by the NAACP and the national urban league to create his work the new Negro for art. In 1926, he co-founded the magazine Fire. Douglas’s intention was to "to express ourselves freely and independently - without interference from old heads, white or Negro ...Art as an expression of historical experiences. For Douglas, art was not just a means of aesthetic expression, but also a way to reflect and document history. His …Aaron Dotts December 22, 2023 Douglass, Kansas - Aaron Dotts, 45, of Douglass, KS, owner of Dotts Plumbing and Excavating LLC, passed away December 22, 2023 at Kansas Medical Hospital, Andover, KS.Aaron Douglas: List of works - All Artworks by Date 1→10 · The Crucifixion - Aaron Douglas · Noah's Ark - Aaron Douglas · God's Trombone - Aaron Dougla...The Bearden apartment on West 131st Street in Harlem was a frequent gathering place for such intellectuals as W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and Countee Cullen, as well as artists Aaron Douglas and Charles Alston, and jazz musicians Fats …

Frist Art Museum. This is the first touring retrospective of the work of Aaron Douglas and included approximately 100 paintings, works on paper, and book illustrations from this leading artist of the Harlem Renaissance. Born to laborer parents in Topeka, Kansas, Aaron Douglas (1899–1979) overcame many obstacles to follow his passion for art ... . The proposal watch

aaron douglass

African American Artist Aaron Douglas was from Kansas, moved to New York City and was a leader in the Harlem Renaissance, and was commissioned to paint murals for the Hall of Negro Life in Texas. His works were destroyed, against the wishes of the Texas black community, in 1937. Only two panels of the four murals survived – one in the DeYoung ... Frist Art Museum. This is the first touring retrospective of the work of Aaron Douglas and included approximately 100 paintings, works on paper, and book illustrations from this leading artist of the Harlem Renaissance. Born to laborer parents in Topeka, Kansas, Aaron Douglas (1899–1979) overcame many obstacles to follow his passion for art ... About Aaron Douglas. Aaron Douglas was an African-American painter and graphic artist who played a leading role in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s. He is …Aaron Douglas, The Creation, 1935, oil on masonite, 48 x 36", Howard University Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. James Weldon Johnson: ‘The Creation’, God’s Trombones, The Viking Press, 1927. Aaron Douglas (1898-1979) was an African-American painter and graphic artist who played a leading role in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s.In 1936, Aaron Douglas chose to portray . the journey of African American life from slavery to the present in a series of murals commissioned for the Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas. Into Bondage was one of these paintings. The series was installedAaron Douglas (1899 – 1979) Aaron Douglas (born May 26, 1899) was an African-American painter, illustrator and graphic artist who played a leading role in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s. Douglas had a unique artistic style that fused his interests in modernism and African art. His best-known paintings are semi-abstract, …Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1898 February 3, 1979) was an African American painter and a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance.The major prophets of the Hebrew Bible are Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses and Aaron. Of these, Judaism considers Moses the greatest. In Christianity, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Eze...Born. May 26, 1899. Died. February 2, 1979. Country. United States of America. “The father of African art.” “Dean of African American painters.” “Pioneering Africanist.”. All of these honorifics have been applied to Aaron Douglas. His painting—typified by flat forms, hard edges, and repetitive geometric shapes—was strongly ...Aaron Douglas, Aspiration, 1936, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 152.4 cm (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco), a Seeing America videoA conversation with Timothy Angl...Aaron Douglas (May 26, 1898 February 3, 1979) was an African American painter and a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance.Around 1925, Aaron Douglas began to make a name for himself, and he was commissioned by the NAACP and the national urban league to create his work the new Negro for art. In 1926, he co-founded the magazine Fire. Douglas’s intention was to "to express ourselves freely and independently - without interference from old heads, white or Negro ....

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